Tk Max Facts

TK Maxx TK Maxx is a relatively new arrival in the UK. Their p bent company TJ Maxx have been operating in the linked States since 1976 and the first UK store was opened in 1994. The company was renamed TK Maxx in the UK in order to avoid surp build up with TJ Hughes. Its business model is that of an off-price plane section store, which means that it will buy excess stock from major department stores and other sources and sell it at discounted prices.Naturally TK Maxx can also benefit from the global buying power of their US parent company. The value clothing market has grown strongly in recent years and companies give care TK Maxx, Primark and Matalan have all seen substantial growth in recent years. Some commentators feel that as discounters, they are equally well placed to take advantage of any reduction in consumer spending which whitethorn result from measures taken by the incoming government to reduce the budget deficit.They stock a large-minded range of designer brands at discount prices and their products appeal mainly to buyers in the 18-35 age group. Even so, or so feel that the company has moved a little way upmarket to try and challenge well-nigh more traditional retailers such as NEXT, and many stores have been refurbished while some much large ones have opened in a department store format. In addition, six Littlewoods stores were acquired in 2004. The rise of TK Maxx in the UK has not however been without problems.Hackers stole information of approximately 45 million payment tease from used by customers in the UK, United States, Puerto Rico and Ireland. The hacking started in 2005 and data on transactions conducted betwixt 2002 and 2005 was accessed. The effect of this theft on UK customer has at least been mitigated by the approach of break and pin technology. In addition TK Maxx was blocked from moving into a store vacated by Zavvi in the trustee Street area of London.The reason was apparently that the owners of the property felt th at the area was inappropriate for the TK Maxx brand. However, generally speaking TK Maxx has been a success story in the UK and a further sales channel was introduced in 2009 with the introduction of online shopping.Selected financial Information 31/01/1031/01/200931/01/200831/01/200731/01/2006 Turnover 1,194,3121,122,1971,028,248945,311788,447 Profit before tax78,29348,87836,40535,72223,786 ROCE25. 5819. 8817. 3619. 8412. 77 Employees 13,37913,27713,23512,71911,127

Competitive Advantage in Fast Fashion

*CHAPTER* 3 COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE *IN THE* FAST FASHION Fast fashion is a term employ to describe clothing collections which ar based on the most recent fashion trends presented at Fashion Week in both(prenominal) the spring and the autumn of every year. These trends atomic number 18 designed and manu factured quickly and cheaply to entirenesslyow the mainstream consumer to post advantage of current clothing styles at a demoralize monetary value. This chapter highlights the extensions of competitive advantage that whitethorn exist inside the field of fast fashion, as shown in Figure 3. , studying in detail the major players who be part of H&M, disturbance, Zara and Benetton. d keen merelyt on routine 3. 1 THE SOURCES OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE *3. 1 *SUPPLY kitchen range A supply orbit is a system of brass instruments, people, technology, activities, in practiceation and resources involved in moving a harvest-festival or service from supplier) to customer. tend er set up activities transform natural resources, raw materials and components into a finished reaping that is delivered to the end customer.In sophisticated supply cooking stove systems, used crossroads may re-enter the supply strand at any point where residual value is recyclable. Supply fetter argon increasingly being seen as integrated entities, and closer relationships in the midst of the organizations end-to-end the drawing string gouge bring competitive advantage, reduce costs, and help to maintain a loyal customer base. There are two main differences to value range of mountainss Supply kitchen ranges are more detailed since they hold non wholly activities. Supply chains connect intra-organizational value chains by proceedss, operate, and information flows.Supply chains underlie value-chains because, without them, no producer has the ability to give customers what they want, when and where they want, at the equipment casualty they want. Producers compete wit h sever on the wholey new(prenominal) only through their supply chains, and no degree of improvement at the producers end domiciliate brighten up for the deficiencies in a supply chain which reduce the producers ability to compete. draw fig FIGURE 3. 2 EXAMPLE OF SUPPLY CHAIN A typical supply chain begins with bionomic and biological regulation of natural resources, followed by the human extraction of raw material, and intromits several action link up (e. . , component construction, assembly, and merging) before moving on to several layers of retentiveness facilities of ever-decreasing size and ever more distant geographic locations, and finall(a)y reaching the consumer. All organizations bedevil supply chains of varying degrees, depending upon the size of the organization and the type of return manufactured. These networks obtain supplies and components, change these materials into finished products and then distribute them to the customer.Managing the chain of events in this extremity is what is known as supply chain management. The Council of Supply Chain prudence Professionals (CSCMP) trammels Supply Chain Management as follows Supply Chain Management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion, and all logistics management activities. Importantly, it also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which pile be suppliers, intermediaries, third-party service providers, and customers.In essence, supply chain management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies. Supply Chain Management is an integrating function with primary responsibility for linking major business functions and business solvees within and across companies into a sticky and high-performing business model. It includes all of the logistics management activities noted above, as well as manufacturing operations, and it drives coordination of processes and activities wit h and across marketing, sales, product design, finance and information technology. Effective management mustiness take into account coordinating all the dissimilar pieces of this chain as quickly as possible without losing any of the quality or customer satisfaction, while heretofore keeping costs down. The first step is obtaining a customer drift, followed by take, storage and distribution of products and supplies to the customer site. Customer satisfaction is paramount. Included in this supply chain process are customer dos, order processing, list, scheduling, ecstasy, storage, and customer service.A necessity in coordinating all these activities is the information service network. In addition, tonality to the success of a supply chain is the speed in which these activities can be accomplished and the realization that customer acquires and customer satisfaction are the very reasons for the network. Reduced inventories, lower operating costs, product handiness and custo mer satisfaction are all benefits which grow out of effective supply chain management.Furthermore, market demands, customer service, transport considerations, and pricing constraints all must be understood in order to structure the supply chain effectively. These are all factors, which change constantly and sometimes unexpectedly, and an organization must realize this fact and be prepared to structure the supply chain accordingly. 3. 1. 1 DECISIONS ON tierce LEVELS Supply chain management decisions are often said to belong to one of terzetto takes the strategic, the tactical, or the operational aim. Figure 3. shows the three level of decisions as a pyramid shaped hierarchy. The decisions on a higher level in the pyramid impart set the conditions under which lower level decisions are do drawframe FIGURE 3. 3 HIERARCHY OF SUPPLY CHAIN DECISIONS On the strategic level long term decisions are made. According to Ganeshan and Harrison, these are related to location, production, ste mma, and transportation. Location decisions are pertain with the size, number, and geographic location of the supply chain entities, such as plants, inventories, or distribution centers.The production decisions are meant to determine which products to produce, where to produce them, which suppliers to use, from which plants to supply distribution centers, and so on. Inventory decisions are concerned with the way of managing inventories throughout the supply chain. Transport decisions are made on the modes of transport to use. Decisions made on the strategic level are of course interrelated. For example decisions on mode of transport are influenced by decisions on geographical placement of plants and warehouses, and inventory policies are influenced by choice of suppliers and production locations.Modeling and simulation is frequently used for analyzing these interrelations, and the impact of making strategic level changes in the supply chain. On the tactical level ordinary term dec isions are made, such as weekly demand forecasts, distribution and transportation planning, production planning, and materials destiny planning. The operational level of supply chain management is concerned with the very short term decisions made from day to day. Figure 3. 4 shows for each level types of decisions made. *3. 4 FIGURE* DECISION-MAKING LEVELS IN SUPPLY manacles . 1. 2 DRIVERS OF SUPPLY CHAIN Drivers determine supply chain proceeding and are the managerial levers on which to guide the operational process. For each driver manager must make tradeoffs beetween power (cost) and responsiveness. drawframe FIGURE 3. 5 DRIVERS OF SUPPLY CHAIN Facilities Are the actual physical locations in the supply chain network where product are stored, assembled or fabricated. The two major types of facilities are Production sites( factories) Storage sites (warehouse). Components of facilities decisions areLocation centralize to gain economies of scale (major efficiency) or decentralize to be more responsive. Other issues include quality and costo f workers, costo f deftness, infrastructure, taxes, quality of life,etc. Capacity excess capacity allows a company to be more responsive to changes in the level of demand (major flexibility), but at the expensive of efficiency. Manufacturing methodology decisions amongst a product or functional focus, between flexible or dedicated capacity. Warehousing methodology choose betweenSKU storage stores all of one type of product together, Job lot storage stores different products together to satisfy a item customer or job, cross-docking product is not real warehoused in the facility, instead the facility is used to house a process where trucks from suppliers arrive and unload large-mouthed quantities of different products. These large split are then broken down into smaller lots. Smaller lots of different products are recombined according to the needs of the day and quickly loaded onto outbound trucks that deliver the p roduct to their final destination.Inventory Inventory encompasses all the raw materials, work in process, and finished goods within a supply chain. Changing inventory policies can dramatically alter the supply chains efficiency & responsiveness. There are three basic decisions to make regarding the creation and holding of inventory C_ycle Inventory_ this is the amount of inventory needed to satisfy demanf for the product in the period between purchases of the product. Safety Inventory inventory that is held as a buffer against uncertainly.If demand forecasting could be done with perfect accuracy, then the only inventory that would be needed would be cycle inventory. Seasonal Inventory this is inventory that is built up in anticipation of predictable increases in demand that occur at certain times of the year. Inventory has different impacts earth-closet increase amount of demand that can be met by increasing product availability Can reduce costs by exploiting economies of scale in production, transportation, and purchasing. Can be used to hold up a firms competitive strategy.More inventory increases responsiveness, less inventory increases efficiency (reduces cost). Can significantly affect material flow/cycle/throughput time because if you move your inventory faster, you dont need as much inventory (inventory velocity). Transportation Transportations entails moving inventory from point to point in the supply chain. Components of transportation decisions are Mode of transportation is the manner in which a product is travel (air, truck,rail, ship, pipe greenback,eletronic). Each mode differs with respect to speed, size of shipments, cost, and flexibility.Routes and networks extract are respectively paths along which a product can be shipped and a collection of locations and routes. In house or out source the transportation function. Many companies use third-party logistics provider (3PL) to perform some or all of their transportation activities. Usually comp anies source the distribution. Faster transportation allows a supply chain to be more responsive but principally less efficient. Less than full truckloads allows a supply chain to be more responsive but generally less efficient.Transportation can be used to support a firms competitive strategy. Customers may demand and be willing to pay for a high level of responsiveness. information Information serves as the connection between various stages of a supply chain, allowing them to coordinate & maximize total supply chain profitability. It is also crucial to the daily operations of each stage in a supply chain for a production scheduling system. Components of information decisions are Push versus pull fight systems (like MRP) need information on anticipated demand to create production and purchasing schedules.Pull systems (like JIT) need accurate qnd quick information on actual demand to move inventory and schedule production in the chain. Enabling technologies many technologies exis t to share and analyze information in the supply chain EDI electronic data interchange. ERP enterprise re source planning. SCM software Supply Chain Management parcel Internet Forecasting & planning to anticipate and consider future demands. Available information is used to make tactical forecasts to guide the setting of monthly and quarterly production schedules & time table Coordination and information overlapInformation allows supply chain to become more efficient and more responsive at the very(prenominal) time (reduces the need for a trade-off) drawframe drawframe TABELLA 3. 6 CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUPPLY CHAIN DRIVERS 3. 1. 3 SCOR The Supply Chain Operations Reference Model (SCOR Model) is one of the very few dedicated methods for supply chain modelling and has also a high relevance for many industries. The model has been veritable by The Supply-Chain Council (SCC), an independent not-for-profit firm with more than 1,000 corporate members.It was first introduced in 1996 and is now available in version 8. 0. In contrast to generic process modelling methods, SCOR is actually a reference model, because it defines activities that can be found in any supply chain. In that sense, it can be regarded as a successor to the value chain model by Porter. The SCOR model covers the followings levels of abstraction Top level ( level 1) Configuration level (level 2) Process element level (level 3) Implementation level drawframe *FIGURE 3. 7** *SCORE PROCESS FRAMEWORK Top levelSCOR defines five core management processes called process types that are relevant for all firms in a supply chain (scope of the model). Three of these process types form a sequence of source, make, and deliver. The process types are Source (S) Processes that procure goods and services to meet intend or actual demand. Make (M) Processes that transform a product or service to a finished utter to meet planned or actual demand. Deliver (D) Processes that provide finished goods and services to mee t planned or actualdemand, typically including order management, transportation management,and distribution management.Return (R) Processes associated with returning or receiving returned products for any reason. These processes let out into post-delivery customer support. The top level, however, can not be instantiated, thus this level defines only the scope of the SCOR model. The modelling of actual or planned supply chains starts on the next level. Configuration level beyond the five main processes, there is a further classification of processes into three categories Planning processes that plan resources to meet demand in appropriate time intervals. re repeated periodically and have a dandy influence on the response time of the supply chain. Execution processes as executive involved in the activities of scheduling, sequencing, processing, testing, and handling of products, affecting the cycle time of the order fulfillment. Enable processes involving information and managerial aspects that affect the opposite two processes From five main processes the SCOR model identifies 26 processes of second level, each belonging to one of three process type defined above. For instance, categories for source areS1 source stocked product The procurement, delivery, receipt and exile of raw material items, subassemblies, product and/or services. S2 source make-to-order product The procurement and delivery of a product that is built to a specific design or configured based on the requirements of a particular customer order. S3 source engineer-to-order product The negotiation, procurement and delivery of engineer-to-order assemblies or specialized product or services that are designed and built based on the requirements or specifications of a particolar customer order or contract.By selecting the relevant process categories, a firm can represent its operational strategy. For instance, the relevant source categories need to be selected and mapped to respective products an d/or services (thus a firm can implement dual source categories reflecting diverse sourcing strategies). Process element level The process element level decomposes the process categories by adding process element definitions, process element information inputs/outputs, process performance metrics, and best practices.SCOR does not define functions and organizational entities for these elements, thus it strictly focuses processes. Implementation level Implementation level aims to implement management practices, shaping the elements necessary to gain a competitive advantage and adapt to changes. METRICS SCOR defines metrics that measure durability and efficiency of a supply chain. For this purpose, metrics form a hierarchy along the SCOR levels Level 1 metrics relate to the overall planning of a supply chain (thus these metrics are separate to source, make etc. ).Level 2 and 3 metrics decompose the level 1 and 2 metrics respectively. Each level 1 metric contribute to realising a per formance attribute. A performance attributes is a characteristics of the supply chain that permits it to be analysed and evaluated against otherwise supply chains with competing strategies. For instance, a supply chain is reliable to a certain degree or not. The level 1 metrics and associated performance attributes are defined as follows FIGURE 3. 8 THE LEVEL 1 METRICS 1. Production Strategic decisions regarding production focus on what customers want and the market demands.This first stage in developing supply chain agility takes into consideration what and how many products to produce, and what, if any, parts or components should be produced at which plants or outsourced to capable suppliers. These strategic decisions regarding production must also focus on capacity, quality and volume of goods, keeping in under rest that customer demand and satisfaction must be met. Operational decisions, on the other hand, focus on scheduling workloads, maintenance of equipment and meeting imm ediate client/market demands. Quality control and workload equilibrize are issues which need to be considered when making these decisions. . Supply Next, an organization must determine what their facility or facilities are able to produce, both economically and efficiently, while keeping the quality high. But most companies cannot provide excellent performance with the manufacture of all components. Outsourcing is an excellent alternative to be considered for those products and components that cannot be produced effectively by an organizations facilities. Companies must carefully select suppliers for raw materials. When choosing a supplier, focus should be on developing velocity, quality and flexibility while at the same time reducing costs or maintaining low cost levels.In short, strategic decisions should be made to determine the core capabilities of a facility and outsourcing partnerships should grow from these decisions. schoolbooklist-item 3. 2. 1PUSH VS PULL textlist-item te xtlist-item textlist-item 3. 3. 2. 1 CRP textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item 3. 6 KEY INTERNATIONAL COMPETITORS Fast-fashion specialty sellers with exceptional speed-to-market have outperformed department stores and less warm specialty stores not only in their profit argins, but also in their pace of revenue growth, according to a study by The Sage Group LLCs Apparel and Retail Group. The city manager comparable players that compete in fast fashion at international level are Inditex -Zara Benetton H&M Gap Each of them has a vertical scope. Zara owned much of its production and most of its stores, the Gap and H&M, which were the two largest specialist apparel retailers in the world, ahead of inditex, owned most of their stores but outsourced all production. Benetton, in contrast, has invested relatively heavily in production, but licensees ran its stores.The quaternion competitors were also positioned differently in product space from Inditexs chains. Inditexs flagship strike off, Zara, is relatively perceived as more fashionable than all the other three ann prices less than Benetton and Gap but higher than H&M. In these fuor competitors, Benetton and Gap place a relatively less fashionable and higher price, while Zara and H&M is more fashionable and price lower. drawcustom-shape drawcustom-shape drawcustom-shape drawcustom-shape drawline drawline drawline drawframe drawframeMeanwhile, the major Italian player Benetton marched on high street with, offering colorful designer clothing for the whole family. Their strategy resulted affirmative with noticeably contemporary window showcase in all stores with independent units. The company was successful in Britain, however, having a long standing in the market, they witnessed failure to keep up pace with the accelerated high fashion pressure by the other European competitors, which are now the known as Mango, H&M and Zara. The rise of these competitors on high street has been witness succes sful because of a higher demand for fast fashion.Styles showed in magazines and other advertorials are what people wish to wear. Top designers have created collection extensions, which cater people who can move over to spend their hard earned cash on triple figure. This resulted success to the affordable collection of European fashion brands A Swedish player, H&M offered readymade clothing stores stocked with fashionable collection at reasonable costs. Its successful strategy was its own slogan fashion & quality at the best price innovative design, reasonably priced and competent logistics.Based in Stockholm, a team of 100 fashion designers assures that secret code has been imitated from the runway platforms. They are mostly inspired from street-trends, movies, magazines and exhibitions. Impressively, the designs reach retail shelves within 2-3 weeks. H&Ms high profile designer tie-ups with Karl Lagerfield and Stella McCartney have resulted entire collections available to the mas s people at lower prices. This strategy is supported by huge advertising campaigns, which easily compete with the major brand.In a world of advertisements and promotions, there is one store that has made strategy to not to spend penny on advertising, Zara, a wing of Europes biggest, rapidly evolving and most triumphant fashion clothing retailers, Grupo Inditex. Other well touristy stores in similar chain are Massimo Dutti, Bershka and Pull and Bear. Inditex operates business via more than two thousand stores in 56 countries. The first Zara shop was launched in 1975 at La Coruna, Galicia and at present it operates more than four hundred owned stores globally.In the previous five years they have witnessed sales up by 25 percent year on year. Zara runs its own design and production unit in La Coruna, Spain, which leads cancellation of the large out-sourcing operations, like H does in over nine hundred firms. It is modern, offering up-to-date lifestyle yet standard clothing lines for men, women and children. Zara offers reasonably priced, radical clothing, however, not of the top quality, which will last only for some seasons. As same as Zara, H can also put designs on retail shelves within three weeks.Its product assortment is cheap and small yet frequent, offering consumers huge selection that results repeated visits to their stores to find Whats New. Hitherto, Zara has launched over ten thousand new designs and most of these will just be attainable for few weeks. Another Spanish player, Mango is a reputed multinational brand devoted to designing, producing and selling fast fashion and accessories only for women. Its clothing line includes Suit, Casual Sport, and Mng Jeans. It might not be as huge as H or Grupo Inditex, but has played excellent oddly in the UK.No shopping malls resemble absolute with exclusive of these three brands. The pace of these companies in responding to changing consumer demands is an ideal proof to the retailing, producing and logist ics skills needed in latest fashion industry. These new strategies are set up to develop aptitude to take advantage of the challenges of a competitive world market. Besides the diversification in product assortments there is one thing common in all these brands that is intelligent logistics. Well-organized communication between sales staff directly to the headquarters and producers lead them to match steps with high speed turnover.The fact is that buyers are becoming preference savvy and smarter in order to what they shop. Even though they always have their preferred designer, they are also acquainted that a throwaway piece of fast fashion from a retail chain store will complete their outfit choices. At so reasonably priced all of these retail perceptions play on Friday nights when people feels they have nothing to wear. Retailers are sent in a scuffle to make-out the major catwalk trends from the drawing sheets to the sales shelves as fast as possible.

Mechanism of Black Holes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Mechanism of Black Holes - Research Paper utilizationthe term cryst every(prenominal)izelessness hole refers to a region of space- succession continuum from which the gravitational pull is so pixilated that it does not allow anything, including light, to escape (Begelman, 2003), which implies that black holes cannot be observed. This essay will explore the concept of black holes, that is, all that is currently known about this phenomenon, how they are formed, and what can be learnt from them similarly, this essay will as well as highlight how black holes are detected and how they are made.The appearance of an accompaniment horizon, the boundary in space-time through which matter and light are attracted inwards towards the mass of the black hole becoming trap permanently, is the most distinguishable feature of a black hole. As noted earlier, not even light can escape from a black hole since anything that draws nearer and crosses the example horizon boundary is trap due to the s trong gravitational pull that defines black holes (Kormendy, Bender & Cornell, 2011) an event horizon is thus called since if an event occurs within the boundary, this information is never known to an outside observer. Einsteins theory of relativity argues that the carriage of mass distorts spacetime thereby causing the paths taken by particles to bend towards the mass and given that this deformation is so strong at the event horizon, no paths can lead away from the black hole because all matter is trapped inside, including light (Hooft, 2009).Precisely, an object falling into a black hole appears to slow polish up as it draws nearer to the event horizon but never really reaches it, due to the gravitational time dilation effect (Nrumiano, n.d). Similarly, an outside observer will experience all processes on an object nearing the event horizon as slowed down, and the emitted light will appear dimmer and redder due to the gravitational redshift effect as soon as the falling object r eaches the event horizon, it becomes so dim that it can never be seen. Black holes often form at the ends of the

16th Century U.K. Epidemics and its Impact on the British Essay

16th Century U.K. Epidemics and its Impact on the British - Essay warningThis paper discusses the impact of epidemics upon the British people in the 16th century (1500-1600) with reference to three gross diseases. The first part is a brief introduction on what an epidemic is and its causes.The second part is on England before and during the 16th century to show why it became prone to epidemics The third part is on epidemics of malaria, influenza, and the cuss in 16th century England and its effects on the English people and their history.An epidemic is an outbreak of a contagious disease that affects an unusually large proportion of people or involves an extensive geographical area. Epidemics much(prenominal) as the recent SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) outbreak in Asia may last for a few months, but some last for days, such as the plague that ravaged Europe for sixer centuries (Encarta, 2007 Ranger & Slack, 1992).Epidemiology is the study of how diseases are transmit ted and how people infected by diseases can be healed to control the extent of epidemics. Diseases are caused by organisms such as bacteria or parasites, some of which trickery dormant until they reside in a live troops.Others are caused by viruses, strands of DNA that enter cells of reenforcement creatures and cause mutations that affect the lifetime body. Once these organisms enter the host finished infection, they multiply and cause the host to get sick, subprograming the host into a carrier of disease-causing organisms in very large numbers.Disease-causing organisms are dispense by contamination of food and water, physical contact, or the exchange of bodily fluids like saliva, semen, or blood, or through insects, rodents, and other disease-carrying animals known as vectors or agents that infect human populations. In the past, these diseases were believed to be caused by germs that spread their evil effects in the air.So lethal were these germs that they changed the fat es of human societies in the last 13,000 years (Diamond, 2005). Germs went through a deadly cycle of mutation and adaptation, infecting animals and humans, each mutation giving rise to deadlier forms or diseases.Bacteria, parasites, and viruses need to eat in order to live and multiply. Germs (or microbes) do not exist to kill other living beings. Death is an unfortunate consequence, and if germs had their way, they would prefer their hosts to stay healthy, as millions of bacteria already do in the human body, helping in digestion and fighting deadlier diseases.Disease and death are unintended consequences of germs finding living bodies in which to live, encouraged by environmental conditions and the habits of the living hosts. Poor living conditions and poor sanitation, the concentration of populations into a smaller area that encouraged greater and frequent social contact, the thirst for discovery and travel to outside lands, the search for greater wealth and prosperity, changes in weather conditions, and even a rise in promiscuity were the factors that increased the frequency of disease and epidemics (Wilkinson, 1992).Epidemics eventually die down once the conditions for their transmission disappear. In several(prenominal)(prenominal) parts of Europe in the Middle Ages, the plague disappeared from a town because half its population who were still healthy and uninfected were able to get away, while half including animals were infected and died. With no new living hosts, the bacteria could not survive. Weather changes also affected the rate of infection, whether they encouraged people to stay fellowship or to go out. Either way, infection could spread at a faster rate through proximity and social contact. These conditions led to epidemics that would die down when these factors disappear.England in the 16th CenturyAt the turn of the 16th century, Spain and Portugal was the European superpower, and having just discovered America through Columbus, it launched until the middle of the 16th century several sea voyages that led to the discovery of South America, Africa, the Pacific

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